Genetic Differences Linked With Social Mobility

Genetic differences account for nearly 50 percent of the variation in social mobility in families, according to new findings published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

One of the best predictors of children’s educational attainment is their parents’ level of education – historically, this association was thought to be largely environmental, rather than influenced by genes. Parents with higher levels of educational achievement, for example, are thought to access greater academic and social resources, enabling them to pass on better opportunities for their children than less educated parents.

This new study is novel in that it provides evidence for substantial genetic influence on children’s social mobility, which could have important implications for reducing educational inequality.

Using a sample of more than 6,000 pairs of twins from the Twins Early Development Study funded by the Medical Research Council, the researchers measured genetic associations with four categories of social mobility:

• Downwardly mobile: children who did not complete General Certificate of Education Advanced Level qualifications, often referred to as ‘A Levels’, but were raised in families with a university-educated parent;
• Upwardly mobile: children who completed A Levels but their parent did not attend university;
• Stably educated: children who completed A levels and were raised in families with a university-educated parent
• Stably uneducated: children who did not complete A Levels and whose parents did not attend university

The researchers also used an alternative method to study genetic influences on social mobility, specifically looking at DNA markers that are associated with educational achievement, so-called genome-wide polygenic scores.

They found that children with higher polygenic scores were more likely to have completed A Levels, even if they had come from families in which no parent had gone to university. The highest polygenic scores were found for children who were from ‘stably educated’ families, the lowest scores for those who were from ‘stably uneducated’ families, and results fell in the middle for children who were categorized as being from downwardly and upwardly mobile families.

“The role of parent’s education in their children’s educational outcomes has previously been thought of as environmental, but our study suggests a strong genetic component too. These results show that half of the differences between whether families were socially mobile or not, can be attributed to genetic differences between them,” explains study first author Ziada Ayorech from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London.

“This tells us that if we want to reduce educational inequalities, it’s important to understand children’s genetic propensity for educational achievement. That way, we can better identify those who require more support,” she says.

“Finding genetic influences on social mobility can be viewed as an index of equality, rather than inequality. The reason is that genetics can only play a significant role for children’s educational attainment if their environmental opportunities are relatively equal,” added senior author Sophie von Stumm, a Senior Lecturer at Goldsmiths University of London.

In addition to Ayorech and von Stumm, study co-authors include Eva Krapohl and Robert Plomin, also of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London.

The Twins Early Development Study is supported by a program grant to R. Plomin from the UK Medical Research Council (Grant MR/M021475/1 and previously Grant G0901245), and receives additional support from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (Grant AG046938) and the European Commission (Grants 602768, 295366). R. Plomin is also supported by Medical Research Council Research Professorship Award G19/2 and by European Research Council Advanced Investigator Award 295366. S. von Stumm is supported by a Jacobs Foundation Research Fellowship Award (2017–2019).